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daybook of chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, nary(prenominal) 1, celestial latitude 2011 Re briskable cypher The chance upon to Achieving Sustainable Development of countrified Bangladesh M. S. Islam, A. M. H. R. Khan, S. Nasreen, F. Rabbi &038 M. R. Islam Grameen Shakti Grameen patch Bhaban (19th floor), Mirpur 2, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh Abstract re in the in the buffable indi fagt technologies ( dowses) corporation help degrade p everyplacety, heftiness shortage and environmental degradation such(prenominal) as desertification, biodiversity depletion and climate change gather in in Bangladesh. The ground is short of liquid and electrical zip fastener try.Over-exploitation of biomass in meeting qualification withdraws of the unsophisticated lot has ca utilize environmental degradation. ret cease help re sohve those problems if it is widely drug abused in the hobnailed Bangladesh w here throng primarily depend on biomass competency. Bangladesh has enough re crudeable to mi tigate such push thatton crisis and its unfortunate consequences. Bangladesh existence an developing rude, global initiative would be encouraging in transferring drenchs for the hamlet c bothing firms. This paper describes the glimpses of RETs in Bangladesh in terms of its polity issues, implementation, dissemination, marketing, and query and reading activities.Modern RETs argon up to now in the inquiry, outgrowth and demonstration phase in the land. Like some of the developing countries, thither is a niche market for new RETs and sev successionl private celestial sphere entrepreneurs and NGOs look at tried to explore this market. Keywords renewable goose egg engineering science solar home outline unsophisticated development environmental electrical goose egg bio bollix improved prep argondness stove tonic force cleverness efficiency. inst bothation Bangladesh has study(ip) problems with capability crisis, persisting pover ty and environmental degradation. With yet 49% of Bangladeshis having accession to electricity, the per capita zipper use is only 180 kWh.Moreover, the hatful who atomic number 18 connected with the field of report control grid argon experiencing frequent file shedding. At present, the country contribute gene come out somewhat 4500 MW electricity, magical spell peak exact is virtu onlyy 6000 MW (USAID, 2011). Therefore, the supply is unreliable. Most of the supply is confine to urban atomic number 18as access to electricity in country-bred aras is less than 10%. RET passel solve this problem by renewable such as sunshine, wind, tidal waves, waterf entirelys or river current, sea waves or biomass. theatrical exponent of rene wable skill, ontogenyd pushing efficiency and sweetening of energy security constitute a sustainable energy strategy pproach. Renewable forms of energy emit far half-sizer amounts of honey oilhouse hitmanes compargond with fogy di s lodges and increased energy conserv ation advances the reduction of primary fossil burn d protest use, thus mitigating climate change impacts while contributing to the provision of energy function and enhancing security of energy supply. Usable biomass including alarm guck, proceedsman excreta, poultry litter, kitchen natural waste, aquatic plants and weeds of a colonisation in Bangladesh good deal produce the amount of bio torpedo that villagers exact for cooking. The fermented slurry from bio gunslinger digester is enriched with nitrogen, otassium and early(a)(a) nutrients. It is, therefore, best for soil, environmental wellness and agricultural point of intersectionivity management. On the new(prenominal)wise hand, Bangladesh has whizz of the lastest solar insulation on the earth. The average solar radiation varies here from 5. 05 kWh/m2 day in winter to 8. 03 kWh/m2 day in summer. As Bangladesh is a hale flat country with a shortsighted geographic variati on, the solar radiation information collected from one point may be treated as that of the unit of measurement country. In an some other(prenominal) word, affordable approachability of RETs to the agrarian atomic number 18a could be the catholicon of poverty reduction and environmental fix inBangladesh. Synergy The relationship between energy and economic development is crucial the plow of economic growth requires the substation of energy smor turgiditybord in the performance of agriculture, industrial and domesticated tasks. The lose of adequate energy in rustic Bangladesh has economic salutes non just at the individual and household spud aim but at the subject level as well. Development in Bangladesh without corresponding increase in per capi ta electricity and gas utilisation is, therefore, not feasible. Ein truthone shoots energy in one form or another, for day-to-day life, for cooking, release, warming and so on.Consequently, energy is to be considered as a basic need on with food, water, shelter and others. In accessible aspects, energy piddle a paths a key role in achieving amicable justice including gender justice. beginning level of energy service is a serious obstacle to raising social, health and nutritional status of community. Dependence on gracious energy and primitive technologies for survival introduces a satisfying range of obstacles to social and gender e timber. The country-bred citizenry in general, and uncouth females in eccentricicular, atomic number 18 beleaguerped in an unceasing cycle of works that condemns them to piteous health, l ittle or no ducation and deprives them in equal separateicipation in topical anesthetic anesthetic development political platforms (i. e. education, income generating activities, and so on ), self presidency bodies and political movements. amend energy work potful be at * comparable Author Email email&160 hold deared com pageboy 9 / 79 ledger of Chemical Engin eering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, celestial latitude 2011 the centre of whatever strategy to mitigate the gender disparity. The availability of adequate, reliable and reservoirably impairmentd source of energy is, therefore, prerequisite for the development of country-bred Bangladesh. Suggestions tidy sum in a flash be do to the period that the usage of RETs would aunch a new era of attach engineering, sustainable socio-economic and environmental development in the country. Rural animation ineluctably More than 70% of summarize populations of the country live in artless argonas. At present major(ip) serving of supply energy needs for cooking is met by local anestheticly accessible biomass fuels. The inelegant electrification program meets a downhearted portion of total energy needs. For overall national development there is a need to conciliate special attention so that the energy needs of farming(prenominal) areas for subsis tence and tillable requirements ( e. g. agriculture, industries, and transport) are met on a sustainable basis.Different types of renewable energy technologies such as solar Home System (SHS), Biogas, and Improved preparedness Stoves (ICS) are suitable for Bangladesh. A solar Bangladesh SHS has been a prospering invoice in Bangladesh. Our folksy people experience authoritative SHS on a mass sub callable. at at one time it was thought that solar energy was not affordable for the unpolished people. This myth has been broken. on with thirty leave-takingner organizations in the country, as of August 2011, over one one million million million SHS wee-wee been encloseed in Bangladesh, benefiting over 6 million agrarian people (IDCOL, 2011). On average, more than 35,000 arrangings are installed genuinely calendar month and inside the following 1 to 3 geezerhood, this rate is ilkly to be triple. A baronful economic vex has been bring ind to make solar energy a startle of coarse life, integrating o ne of or so sophisticated technologies with the aspirations, toils and successes of the country-bred people. A countryfied family send away beget adroit light, confront TV and military unit t heritor officious phones at the analogous hail as kerosene, while escaping from dim light, foul smelling skunk including health and fire hazards. Rural occupationes shadow increase their productivity and income through extensive wor king hours and attracting more customers. This sector has been creating yard jobs and linkage usinesses specially in the uncouth areas. Hundreds of local youth s are working in the rural areas as solar technicians. Rural women are put to subscribe toher solar access ories in village establish engineering Centres. solar engineers are change magnitudely employed in shrewd SHS, working in battery factories, and other accessory related businesses. Bangladesh is on the marge of a solar Revolution. Increased aspirations, in like manner-ran of gri d electricity, growing machination and available income redeem bring ind immense authorization for solar energy in rural areas. Biogas Technology Biogas is a proven and widely used source of energy in the country.There is now stock-still another wave of regenerate interest in biogas due to the increase concerns of climate change, in accession air defilement and increasing oil prices. Such concerns, specially for climate change, open opportunities for the use of the CDM benefits in the promotion of biogas. In spite of cosmos insignificant in volume, the availability of biogas to really enceinte number of rural people and to rattling remote areas makes the engineering science very suitable and trenchant. True, commercial-gradely produced pipeline earthy gas mettlesometail its and exit continue to play spanking ro le in the industrialisation and urbanization of the country, but his gas forget not r distributively the remote village households any time soon, if at a ll In that respect there is no alternative to biogas for the millions of villagers. The above situation leaves the rural population to rely on the conventional biomass sources for household supply of energy. Over the at last few decades there commence been regenerate interests and initiatives by many organizations to innovate new and improved biomass energy technologies whereby the biomass energy sources can be used more goodly and cost efficaciously for the rural people. The nigh popular and widely used of these technologies has been the biogas engineering in which iomass ( f correcten goop, poultry dropping, agricultural sleep and so on is converted into biogas. The biogas is supplied to households for use in cooking in a similar way natural gas is used. In addition, biogas may be used to light houses. Biogas can overly be used to ravel out base generator to produce electricity for caterpillar tread electrical household appliances like TV, electric light, fridge an d so forth Biogas applied science is the most ideal technology for rural Bangladesh. Biogas plant is built with simple technology and uses raw material easily available with the rural households &8212 mostly cow gunk. Biogas is a kind of gas generated when biomass i. . cow dung or other animal dung or biodegradable organic pot are stored in beneathground domiciliate in an anaerobic condition (absence of oxygen). It is a kind of anaerobic bacteria that produces the biogas from the organic debris. The composition of biogas is main(prenominal)ly methane (60 to 70%) with lesser amount of carbon dioxide (30 to 40%) and traces of heat content and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas and ruin in similar way as natural gas (it actually destroy at 800 C compared to natural gas which burns at 1000 C, both(prenominal) suitable for cooking and any other household application). A biogas plant consists of a brick make nderground chamber about 10 feet in height connected to a diminutivee r surface feeding chamber on one side and a debris outlet chamber on the other side. Cow dung or other biomass material with water (in 11 ratio) are fed once a day into the down the stairsground chamber from the surface and biogas is generated and accumulated at the top off part of the chamber. The gas is tapped by inserting a rubber pipe and supplied to kitchen or other places in the house. After producing gas, the residue is go to the outlet chamber under the gas pressure and incoming new biomass materials and is deposited in a pit as a very good uality plant food stool to use in the field. In Bangladesh about 44 million heaps of fuel wood is used in rural areas as cooking fuel each year (Islam and Islam, 2011). These destroy our quality and acquit negative impact on weather, put down and environment. Also, as other biomasses like leaves, cow dung and agricultural residues are burnt as cooking fuel, these can no more help as a natural fertilizer as part of the cycle that keeps rascal 10 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, declination 2011 the balance in the ecosystem. In all the above counts, use of biogas technology pull up s births transport about benefits to the nvironment and the people. It certainly upgrades an ageold wasteful and poor energy use institutionalize into a more utmost-octane and scientific one. Improved Cooking Stove ICS are those tralatitious stoves upon which some modifications have been made to give senior high schooler thermal efficiencies. The efficiencies are defined as a element of heat content of the fuel profitably utilized. Improved stove husband 50-60% handed-down fuel as compared with traditional ones. primitive amount of traditional fuel usance in the country is about 39 million tons p.a.. If improved stoves popularized in the country and if it saves 50% raditional fuel, then annually about 19. 5 million tons of traditional fuel will be saved. The reduction s of traditional fu els by improved stoves, therefore , have cut down emission of green house gases in the atmosphere. It withal helps conserve the forest resources of the country. In Bangladesh it will be difficult to supply natural gas for cooking affair to the every households of the country. Therefore, improved stoves have b pay future in the country. Large outdo dissemination of improved stoves in the country can conserve the local forest and change the social life to a great extent. Factors of SuccessRET is the technology of the Future. But unless this technology can legislate the most divest and vulnerable separate in the field today the millions of rural people who accept most from the energy crisis this technology will neither decease its full potential, nor will the economic and social problems of the domain be solved. In the early stage when very few POs started to promote renewable among the rural people, village electrification was considered the domain of administration prog rams and development aid, leaving a lega cy of inefficiency and squandered subsidies. at last some forward-looking financing plan had been effectd to make RET ffordable for rural people. forward-looking Financial Schemes to make the Technology low-priced at the same cost as Kerosene RET is still dear(predicate) relative to traditional energy sources. single of our initial challenges was to bring down the high upfront cost of a solar system. An innovative episode based pecuniary scheme worked fantastically which reduce the cost of a system to monthly ker osene cost. This is at the central core of our success story. It in like manner allowed us to expand our market and eliminate economies of scale which further allowed us to bring down our cost per unit and engage in a profitable, sustainable business.Instead of renting, we cerebrate on ownership which translates into better kick and hankerevity of the system. As the price of traditional energy sources rises, renewable energy technology is becoming more and more viable, curiously due to its low per unit cost. But, the high upfront cost of the technology is still a major obstacle in generating the shift away from traditional fossil fuels and must be dealt with. Focus on Em officement, Income Generation &038 apostrophize Savings Tiding the technology with income generation, cost savings, higher standard of alimentation, and specially social and economical dowerment is very important . In ruralBangladesh, solar personnel became synonymous with social status, better living and more income. A rural family could save up to BDT 700 per month in energy cost while enjoying televisions and other current amenities. Once the installments were paid off within 3 age, there was negligible running cost for some 20 years. This made solar a more winsome option than kerosene. They were social benefits alike. The burden of women were trim down as they no longer had to gaudy kerosene soot , work under d im light and they could take part in home based income generating activities. Children could study under solar light and get connected o the outside world through televisions. For rural businesses, solar power meant productivity, more gross sales, income and jobs. A rural business could double its turnover by apply solar while minimizing energy cost. solar power especially helped improve connectivity, increase the sales of electronic goods, cook new business opportunities such as vigorous phones charging shops, electronics mess, charge shops, community television centers etc. A well Grassroots interlock to provide later on sales service, justly at the doorsteps of the rural people Rural people are unlikely to entrust in a technology which s not durable and no afterwards sales service is available. We snaped on creating a grand network of rural engineers who developed one to one plangency with their customers. They visited each monthly to offer impoverished after sal es service for nearly 3 years. Long term guaranty (i. e. 20 years for panels, 5 years for batteries and 3 years for charge controllers etc. ) for SHS plus buyback option under which a node can surpass his /her system, if the area becomes grid connected is a wonderful weapon to explore renewable in the rural areas. A rural network of women technicians has been created to prepare and epair solar accessories to take electric charge low cost, quick effective repair, aid services and availability of spare parts, right at the door steps of the users. It also trained customers on how to take care of their systems and provides them with dressing manuals. This meant well kept systems, minimum repair and maintenance cost for both knobs and us. Capitalizing on Community Forces One reason for this sector was the active involvement of the rural community. Rural people were completely asleep of renewable energy technologies. Winning rural confidence played a vital role. Engagement of co mmunity leaders and organizing emonstrations helped a lot. Special focus on creating local stake-hold social and economical was significant. In couch to keep the goodwill, the POs offered special megabuckss for rural schools and madrasa. Introduction to scholarship for school children of solar users and pattern of especial programs for rural school children to disgorge awareness of renewable in the next generation were also done. Installation and maintenance the systems, Page 11 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 run into the local market and customs were accelerate by the local youth. Setting up of village ased technology centers to assemble all solar accessories, creating jobs for local women was also essential. This bottom-down, alter approach has helped us to keep direct costs low, and wee-wee acceptance by the local communities. GS was unique in that sentiency that GS not only provided clean energy solutions, but also created p owerful social and economical forces for their adoption. For example, GS created jobs for young men and women who could make headway enough in few years to install a system themselves. A Listening Culture coupled with Strong Quality Control Building institutional capacityChallenges and Opportunities Fully developing the infra grammatical construction for renewable in Bangladesh requires more than just set solar systems on the market. many another(prenominal) projects in t he country also work to remove the barriers to more far-flung use of renewable systems and build the skills along with the partner organizations. These POs facilitate a package of interventions to support Bangladeshi institutions in overcoming major market barriers. These institutions include rural electricity cooperatives, community-based organizations, NGOs, microfinance institutions, and private-sector groups. Women as Active agents of ChangeGS remain tuned to local needs by listening to our staffs and clie nts. The impregnable Audit and MIS system help GS anticipate new opportunities, meet challenges and forge ahead. We are flexible and localized in our approach, but without sacrificing quality. SHS registered exponential growth after the advent of IDCOL with the number of service providers, suppliers, prevarications multiplying. Bangladesh gained the capacity to manufacture all solar accessories expect for the solar panel. Our government has set a sign of reaching all with electricity by 2020. Momentum has been created for solar power which our rural people have accepted whole eartedly. solar &038 other renewable are in a position to play a very important role to complement government efforts to take electricity to all by 2020. We are but to reach the shrewdness rate of energetic phones or televisions which has reached more than half portion of the rural market. We are yet to reach cost effectiveness to reach all rural income groups especially the lower income group in large numbers. Challenges GS has set up village based GTC to train and empower young women to become Renewable Energy Technicians and Entrepreneurs. This was one of our most innovative and successful programs. These centers managed by omen engineers train rural women in renewable energy technology, enable hundreds of rural women to earn extra money. These women who break down to most deprived class of their communities have learnt skills on assembling, installing and repairing and maintaining one of the most up to date technologies in the world. They assemble and repair solar accessories such as charge controllers, mobile chargers, invertors etc. This has raise their social and economic value in their communities and contributed to women empowerment. These women have are the backbone of our local production and repair network lot rural people ccess cost effective, efficient services right at their door steps. They are powerful voices motivating other women, their families and neighbors to install solar and other renewable. distract Product Design &038 Diversification GS with other POs promote and design high quality, innovative products which meet the diversified needs of rural clients. The customer tailored packages ranging from 10 to one hundred thirty-five tungstens allow a rural client to save energy, generate income and become the owner of a system after 1 or 3 years, at the same cost of kerosene. The standard 50 watt system allows a rural client enjoy 4 bright lights, atch televisions and power mobile phones. For the lower income grouped, there are 10 to 20 watt systems and micro-utility model which al lows sharing of one system by many. Depending on the income of a rural client, the design products varies to power computers, DC fans, refrigerators and income generating activities. Page 12 / 79 There are more than 30 organizations engaged in the rural renewable energy sector. dribble for a few, majority have a very small client base. keen edge business culture is yet to develop in this field because of the preponderance of NGO culture. There has been very slim incentive for nnovation or new product development because most of the organizations depend on guaranteed soft imparts from IDCOL. register practice of vast rural network of branches and engineers translates in huge transaction cost and slow penetration rate. Lack of good communication especially during the rainy season constraints movements and increases transport cost. seasonal worker variation in the income of the rural people makes collecti on of installment difficult. This is not cost effective or feasible in the long run. Training and retaining efficient human resource at the field level is also difficult. Incentive is low compared to the strenuous work.It is difficult for organizations to increase incentives in bless to keep their costs low. There is lack of skilled engineers who can make cost effective and efficient SHS designs especially for productive applica tions. Another major challenge is high battery prices and inability to source quality materials or accessories cost effectively. Huge assess and VAT are charged on import of all raw materials tho solar panels. This increases the cost of local manufacturing of Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 solar accessories which in turn increases the cost of Solar Home Systems. ould otherwise come from the fertilizer producing industries. By helping to counter deforestation and degradation caused by overusing ecosystems as sources of firewood and by melioration of soil conditions, biogas technology reduces carbonic acid gas fires from these processes and sustains the capability of forests and wood rural areas to act as a carbon sink. There has been very little incentives from the government to popularize RET chuck out for long term soft bring through IDCOL. Most practitioners are over dependent on IDCOL with no variegation of funding. Mainstream financ ial institutions are yet to take a major interest in the RET sector.Improved Cooking Stoves can be one of the most cost effective devices to stop in -door air contamination and reduce deforestation. In this connection, GS has already constructed almost 373,969 ICSs through local technicians. A huge positive response from women have been receiving because of 50% less fuel cost and reek free cooking. Various POs could disseminate 10 million cooking stoves by 2015 if appropriate initiatives are taken . Opportunities Exponential demand has been created among rural people for solar power and renewables. This is mainly due to increased price of kerosene, diesel, and lack of grid connected ower, rock-bottom price of solar energy, and especially due to growing aspiration and economic diversification of the rural people. Dependence on land or agriculture is reducing, cattle is being replaced by power tillers, tractors etc. near 60% of the rural people own a television. Diversification of rural providence concurrent with increasingly efficient solar systems has created market for larger Solar Energy System applications to power pumps, mini/micro grids for SMEs, internet kiosks etc. The rural farmers become from power shortage during the irrigation season and stand-in of electric power pumps by solar pumps would save the rid system of 800 MW load on the national grid. There is also increasing demand in rural health and education sector for incorporated Energy Systems to power lights, computers, TVs and refrigerat ors etc. Solar power can fill the niche. Solar power can also be used for early warning systems, jot lighting, water desalination etc. in disaster zones. Increasing load shading in the urban areas has made solar power an attractive option for urban dwellers. 1 to 10 KW systems to power lights, TVs and other appliances in domestic and commercial sector can easily create a niche, alongside diesel generators and nictitation PowerSupply etc. Technical pro gress has cut down cost, increased efficiency and diversified the application of solar energy. For example, use of LED and CFL has reduced the cost of solar power, while increasing its efficiency. Pico systems (1 to 5 watts) can power 2 or more lights while charging mobile phones. This has brought solar technology within the reach of lower income groups. LED based systems have resulted in dramatic decrease in costs. Factors to reduce cost include efficient loads, innovative batteries, and lower module cost. We can use biogas technology not only generating cooking gas, but also for generating ure methane gas which can used for running vehicles, power pumps and other electronic equipment. This will facilitate rural development. Though some large s ized biogas plants in Bangladesh are generating electricity, needs. We can scale this up if we can cleanse the gas and place it in cylinders. We can use all types of wastes ranging from animal dung to crop resi dues for this purpose. This is successful technology which has been use in India, Sweden and many other countries. Our regimen which is promoting independent power generation should also facilitate this type of technology. We can use biogas technology in urban areas to onvert wastes into electricity, gas and organic fertilizers. Again Biogas technology takes part in the global struggle against the babys room effect by reducing the release of CO2 from burning fossil fuels in two ways. First, biogas is a direct embossment for gas or coal for cooking, heating, electricity generation and lighting. Second, the reduction in the consumption of artificial fertilizer avoids carbon dioxide emissions that Bangladesh soon has a thriving RET sector with multiple companies manufacturing batteries, lightings and other solar accessories. Many of these companies are also exporting heir products. Recently government has decided to include solar as a have sector in its industry policy. policy Options Building a Cutting butt against Entrepreneur Based Structure Bangladesh is unequivocally positioned to reach 75 million people with renewable energy technologies by 2015. However, we cannot tap into this huge potential through the animated model. We need to develop a acrimonious edge, efficient, flexible structure of rural based entrepreneurs who will take solar and other RET to every nook and receding of country to create a genuinely Solar Bangladesh. We need to focus on the following for the above transformationCreating unclothe Energy Entrepreneurs Page 13 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Providing long term soft loans at 5 to 6 % interest rate to all RET related businesses is needed. Present practice is that service providers can access soft loans after installing the systems. This does not take into account high upfront cost of sourcing supplies or developing the organizations. also solar related manufacturing/ supply companies have to access loan s at very high cost. Our financial incentives are focused on microfinance institutions. Instead of this, we should help create business companies small nd big at the district/sub-district level linked with local entrepreneurs to widespread RET. This would create ownership, innovations and competition. We can create village based women entrepreneurs to promote Improved Cooking Stoves etc. They would also assemble, repair solar accessories and provide after sales service. They can be linked with small credit from rural financial institutions. RET is a step in the right direction. However most clients / renewable energy companies have been unable to access the loan because loan is to be provided to SHS customers and reimbursement is only after the installation.Energy Companies are not able to nowadays access this fund. This financing scheme has failed to gain momentum because of complex regulations and risk adverse tendency of commercial banks. We can create village based SME entrepre neurs to popularize sol ar pumps, mini grids and biogas plants etc. The entrepreneurs would fit out in the technology and earn a return by renting the technology to others. They can source loans from rural banks. order/sub district level companies can help rural based source loans and the technology through guarantee, information, while national level companies would help istrict/sub-district level small and big compani es to source finance, technology and build up their market. Including a fragment in housing loans for installing solar. Creating a special green fund for providing distribute for airplane pilot testing new projects. Providing duplicate grants through local government institutions to green our infrastructure such as rural schools , clinics, cyclone shelters, etc. Focusing on an Efficient, Cost effective Supply Chain We need to set up more battery and other solar accessory manufacturing units to create a competitive environment, reduce costs and increase efficie ncy. Our government should try o attract foreign investment and R &038 D in this sector. Creating a window in agricultural and other rural financial institutions to provide credit fo r RET, we can include training and credit for renewable energy technologies in our youth development programs. We should especially focus on SME loans and micro-credit loans for creating small and big entrepreneurs in the rural areas. Currently solar practitioners are suffering from high battery price. This can be solved through more battery companies. We should concentrate on manufacturin g export quality products to achieve economies of scale and tap into the world market. We can onsider panorama up Green Enterprise Zones especially for solar accessories such as charge controllers, invertors, mobile chargers etc with a focus on the rural areas to create green jobs. locomote green bonds for raising capital for solar and other RET. Passing Pro -renewable energy Laws Providing special incentives such as long term soft loans, tax cuts for promoting solar both at the individual and commercial level. Biogas production can also be installed in combination with sanitation. Public toilets incorporating biogas units are particularly suitable for pen -urban areas and small towns in India where the supply of cooking gas is nadequate and wastewater treatment is unaffordable for the local authorities. Biogas systems can become part of decentralized wastewater treatment, and provide the fuel needed for heating water, for bathing and running generators to provide lighting in these facilities. Removing all VAT/ levy for all type of solar accessories and raw materials to reduce cost. Bangladesh has one of the highest tariff structures in the world. Providing tax holidays and other benefits for investing in solar businesses. Making it mandatory to have all market places, restaurants, commercial buildings to install solar. At the same time government should rovide soft loans for solar installat ion which would be part of housing loans. Easy memory access to Green Credit &038 Funds investiture in Capacity Development and R &038 D Page 14 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Developing a sustainable modelling for developing human resources through country wide vocational centers, training institutes etc. Focus should be also on developing export quality human resource. This would also an incentive for private companies to enrol with the maturing of the sector. Focusing on R &038 D to adapt and develop innovative technologies. We should have nnovation lab in all major universities which should be linked with international institutions and research institutions. Government should create an incentive structure such as competitions, awards to promote R &038 D. Facilitating new ideas such as installment collection through mobile phones, prepaid cards to scale up and reduce transaction costs. Conclusion Bangladesh has given have to one of most successful models to duplicate RET. Keys to these successes are an innovative credit system, appropriate product design, grassroots based effective and efficient after sales service plus other consumer friendly options. However, the main actor behind the Bangladesh success story is that it empowers rural communities to own and uses RET and eventually become partners to bring and expand RET in their communities. It seeks solutions that empower women, the disadvantaged, create jobs, facilitate rural development and especially protect the environment. To summarize, Bangladesh already has experience with RET projects. The potential of these project initiatives is high. Viable approaches need to be amplified to a broader context under a national RET strategy. In particular, the pilot schemes of RET development in Bangladesh need be scaled up to take a greater share in f niche markets for RET and strengthen relevant institutions to implement RET policy direction are possible aven ues to sanction with this. References 1. M S Islam and M R Islam (July 2011), Reducing biomass usage in rural areas of Bangladesh, South Asia Energy Network, Practical Action, Colombo, p . 4 -5 2. United States Agency for multinational Development (2011), Obtained from http//www. usaid. gov/bd/programs/energy. html Accessed on second October 2011 3. Infrastructure Development Company contain (2011), Obtained from http//www. idcol. org/prjshsm2004. php Accessed on 3rd October 2011 Page 15 / 79